Experimental and Multi-messenger Astrophysics

Registro delle lezioni

Anno accademico 2021/2022
Docente Simona Gallerani, Valentina D'Odorico, Antonio Stamerra

Lecture

  • 09 Dic 2021 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Pillars of the Standard model (cosmic expansion)

  • 16 Dic 2021 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Pillars of the standard model (CMB)

  • 13 Gen 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Intergalactic Medium (The Gun and Peterson effect)

  • 20 Gen 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Constraining reionization through quasar absorption spectra

  • 02 Feb 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Statistics of the transmitted flux in quasar absorption spectra (PDF, dark gaps)

  • 03 Feb 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    The transverse proximity effect, the proximity effect along the line of sight

  • 09 Feb 2022 (2h 00m)

    Valentina D'odorico - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Physical properties of the intergalactic medium part I. - Introduction to the observation technique: Eq. of radiative transfer; Optical depth; Curve of growth. - Brief historical overview on QSO spectra. - Statistical properties of Lyman-α lines: Column density distribution function; Number density; Characteristic size. - The revolution of the 90s: Discovery of the intergalactic He; New instrumentation (UVES, HIRES); IGM simulations and interpretation of the Lyman-α forest. - The IGM equation of state.

  • 10 Feb 2022 (2h 00m)

    Valentina D'odorico - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Physical properties of the intergalactic medium part II. - Statistics of the flux: Mean transmitted flux; PDF of the flux; Auto and cross correlation function; Power spectrum. - Measurements of the UV background: Proximity effect; Mean transmitted flux; Ionising emissivity. - Measurements of the IGM temperature (and temperature density relation): b-N cut-off; PDF of the flux; Curvature. - QSOs in the early Universe and constraints on the reionization epoch: Evolution of the mean transmitted flux; Dark pixel fraction.

  • 17 Feb 2022 (2h 00m)

    Valentina D'odorico - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Metals in the high-redshift IGM - Standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis. - Stellar nucleosynthesis. - Why and how we measure chemical abundances. - Relation galaxy/absorbers. - Properties of the CGM - The metallicity of the low density IGM: The pixel optical depth method; The direct detection of weak metal lines. - Metals approaching the reionization epoch. - Comparison with simulations.

  • 24 Feb 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Metal absorption lines and dust extinction in quasar spectra

  • 03 Mar 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Baryonic acoustic oscillations and cosmic density field reconstruction

  • 10 Mar 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - A distanza

    Searching for high redshift galaxies: the narrow band technique

  • 17 Mar 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - A distanza

    Lyman Break Galaxies and constraints on the cosmic reionization process

  • 24 Mar 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Searching for high redshift galaxies: Lyman alpha emitters

  • 30 Mar 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Hands on lectures on the Lyman break technique I (Dott. Stefano Carniani)

  • 31 Mar 2022 (2h 00m)

    Valentina D'odorico - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Galaxies in absorption part I - Classification of HI absorption lines: Definition of Damped systems. - History of DLA surveys. - Contribution to the HI content of the Universe. - Contribution to the cosmic mean metallicity. - Chemical abundances: dust depletion.

  • 04 Apr 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Hands on lecture on the Lyman break technique II (Dott. Stefano Carniani)

  • 07 Apr 2022 (2h 00m)

    Valentina D'odorico - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Galaxies in absorption part II - Molecular content in DLAs. - Signatures of PopIII stars in DLAs. - DLAs approaching the reionization era. - Nature of the absorbers: Kinematics; a mass-metallicity relation for DLAs; direct detection of DLA hosts; properties of DLA galaxies; bias determination; direct detection of counterparts in the sub-mm. - DLAs in GRB afterglows.

  • 13 Apr 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Hands on lecture on far infrared emission lines (Dott. Stefano Carniani)

  • 14 Apr 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - A distanza

    Searching for high redshift galaxies: Far infrared emission lines

  • 21 Apr 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Quasars at the epoch of cosmic reionization: Multi-wavelength observations

  • 28 Apr 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Quasars at the epoch of cosmic reionization: the problematic growth of SMBHs at high redshift and SMBH seeds

  • 05 Maggio 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Hands on lecture on X-ray data I (Dott. Fabio Vito)

  • 12 Maggio 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - A distanza

    Hands on lecture on X-ray data II (Dott. Fabio Vito)

  • 26 Maggio 2022 (2h 00m)

    Antonio Stamerra - Corso (attività didattica) - In presenza

    • Overview of sources producing high energy emission and non-thermal emission • Emission processes in relativistic plasma jet; particle acceleration (hints on magnetic reconnection and Fermi processes) 
 • Synchrotron emission; single particle; cooling time; ensemble;  particle-radiation connection; 
Volume emissivity (many electrons distribution electrons) 
 • Inverse Compton; Single particle; Ensemble 
 • Signatures of non-thermal processes; diagnostic tools (broad band SED, spectral energy distribution) a closer look to AGN • The continuum of AGN; observational evidence of non-thermal emission 
 • AGN components; Accretion disk; the big blue bump; Jets 
 • Jet structure and components; FR-I and FR-II classes; AGN unified scheme. 
 **Reference texts: Peter Schneider. “Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology.”, chapt. 5 Blandford, Meier, Redhead - Relativistic Jets from Active Galactic Nuclei - Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2019. 57:467–509 Hale Bradt, Astrophysics Processes, (CUP) (ch. 7.6) ch. 8 (8,4, 8,5) and ch. 9 (9.1 to 9.4) Gabriele Ghisellini, Radiative processes in Astrophysics, Springer (ch. 4, ch.5)

  • 31 Maggio 2022 (2h 00m)

    Antonio Stamerra - Corso (attività didattica) - In presenza

    • The SED of synchrotron emission; physical interpretation • Self-Absorption  (T_brightness; compactness); 
example of measurement of shift of radio core in M87 
 • SSC model for non-thermal emission in the SED of AGN and Blazars • Blazars, Relativistic bulk motion in jets • Superluminal motion 
and beaming effects; Doppler factor; impact on the observed SED • Gamma-ray emission from blazars and AGN; modelling the multifrequency SED and constraints on the physical parameters of the emitting region. The BL Lac and FSRQ classes of blazars. Reference Texts: Hale Bradt, Astrophysics Processes, (CUP) ch. 8 (8,4, 8,5) and ch. 9 (9.1 to 9.4) Gabriele Ghisellini, Radiative processes in Astrophysics, Springer (ch. 4, ch.5)

  • 01 Giu 2022 (2h 00m)

    Antonio Stamerra - Corso (attività didattica) - In presenza

    • The gamma-ray sky (from Fermi/LAT and Cherenkov telescopes, between 100 MeV and ~10 TeV). • Gamma-ray detection techniques; instrument response function. High-energy photon interactions; atmospheric opaqueness to gamma-rays. • Gamma-ray observatories in space; pair-conversion telescopes (EGRET, Fermi/LAT). • Gamma-ray interactions in atmosphere and Cherenkov telescopes. Atmospheric showers (electromagnetic and hadronic); Cherenkov light in atmosphere. • The imaging air Cherenkov telescope technique. Description of a Cherenkov telescope (HESS, VERITAS, MAGIC). • Extragalactic backgroun light (EBL) in a cosmological context: emitted radiation in the cosmological evolution; the main ingredients (SFR, cosmological evolution, IMF); Models of EBL (general description) 
 • Measurement of EBL; Foregrounds; Source confusion; The count of galaxies; Measurements and upper/lower limits 
 Reference Texts: Dwek&Krennrich, Astroparticle Physics, 43 (2013) 112-133. "The extragalactic background light and the gamma-ray opacity of the universe." Maurizio Spurio, Particles and Astrophysics, Springer - Chapters chap. 8.5.1, 8.6 and chap. 9

  • 07 Giu 2022 (2h 00m)

    Antonio Stamerra - Corso (attività didattica) - In presenza

    • Measurement of the extragalactic background light (EBL) with gamma-rays from blazars. • Interaction of the gamma-rays with the EBL; cross-section, opacity and attenuation of source flux. The effect of EBL on the spectra of blazars. • Derivation of EBL flux and upper limits from gamma-ray blazars (from GeV up to TeV). • Introduction to the measurement of intergalactic magnetic field (IGMF) with gamma-rays. Imprint go IGMF on the spectrum of blazars. Halo and echo emission. • Introduction to neutrino astronomy: Cosmic rays and hadronic emission and to the emission of high- energy neutrinos. • High-energy Neutrino Astronomy. Cosmic-rays and the Waxman-Bahcall limit. • Detection of high-energy neutrinos; charged/neutral currents, cross-section, methodology with Earth absorption; atmospheric neutrino background. • The IceCube neutrino telescope. Tracks and cascades. The neutrino events with IceCube and evidence of astrophysical neutrinos. * Reference Texts: Dwek&Krennrich, Astroparticle Physics, 43 (2013) 112-133. "The extragalactic background light and the gamma-ray opacity of the universe." Maurizio Spurio, Particles and Astrophysics, Springer - Chapters 10

  • 08 Giu 2022 (2h 00m)

    Antonio Stamerra - Corso (attività didattica) - In presenza

    • The neutrino events with IceCube and evidence of astrophysical neutrinos. • Search for electromagnetic (e.m.) and gamma-ray counterparts: the event IC170922A and the association to the blazar TXS0506+056. • Interpretation of the gamma-ray / neutrino connection • Gravitational Wave (GW) sources and detection and their e.m. counterparts • Basics of GW emission from binary compact objects. Strain, frequency, chirp. • The detection of GW; decay of the "Hulse&Taylor" pulsar. GW interferometers. The direct detection of GW by LIGO and Virgo interferometers (GW150914); derivation of the system parameters (mass, distance, nature). Bayestar map for sky localization. • Overview on gamma-ray bursts (GRB) and on the origin of the electromagnetic (e.m.) counterpart of GW events (kilonova, ejecta, jet/relativistic emission). • The joint GW and e.m. event GW170817; the observational follow-up campaign; light curves, spectra and delayed radio/X-ray emission for off-axis GRB. * Reference Texts: Maurizio Spurio, Particles and Astrophysics, Springer - Chapters 10 Bradt, Astronomy Methods Chap. 12 (par. 12.4 for GW) A. Stamerra et al. "Multi-messenger Astrophysics with the Highest Energy Counterparts of Gravitational Waves" https:// link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-15-4702-7_23-1

  • 09 Giu 2022 (2h 00m)

    Simona Gallerani - Corso (attività didattica) - Mista

    Quasars at the epoch of cosmic reionization: Cosmological simulations